Scrabble?! ISOBARISM

Definitions of ISOBARISM in various dictionaries:

Isobaric labeling is a mass spectrometry strategy used in quantitative proteomics described by Prof. Dr. Darryl Pappin. Peptides or proteins are labeled with various chemical groups that are (at least nominally) identical masses (isobaric), but vary in terms of distribution of heavy isotopes around their structure. These tags- commonly referred to as tandem mass tags are designed so that the mass tag is cleaved at a specific linker region upon high-energy CID (HC), during tandem mass spectrometry yielding reporter ions of different masses.The most common isobaric tags are amine-reactive tags, but tags that react with cysteine residues and carbonyl groups have been described. These amine-reactive groups go through N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) reactions, which are based around three types of functional groups.In a typical bottom-up proteomics workflow, protein samples are enzymatically digested by a protease to produce peptides. Each digested experimental sample is derivative with a different isotopic variant of the tag from a set, and the samples are mixed in typically equal ratios and analyzed simultaneously in one MS run. Since the tags are isobaric and have identical chemical properties, the isotopic variants of the tags appear as a single composite peak at the same m/z value in an MS1 scan with identical liquid chromatography (LC) retention times. During a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, the fragmented peptides produce sequence-specific product ions, which is used to determine the peptide sequence, as well as the reporter tags, whose abundances reflect the relative ratio of the peptide in the samples that were combined. Because MS/MS is required to detect the tags, unlabeled peptides are not quantitated. A key benefit of isobaric labeling over other quantification techniques (e.g. label-free) is the multiplex capabilities and thus increased throughput potential. The ability to combine and analyze several samples simultaneously in one LC-MS run eliminates the need to analyze multiple data sets and eliminates run-to-run variation. Without multiplexing, information can be missed from run-to-run, affecting identification and quantification, as peptides selected for fragmentation on one LC-MS/MS run may not be present or of suitable quantity in subsequent sample runs. Multiplexing reduces sample processing variability, improves specificity by quantifying the peptides from each condition simultaneously, and reduces turnaround time for multiple samples. The current available isobaric chemical tags facilitate the simultaneous analysis of 2 to 11 experimental samples. Isobaric labeling has been successfully used for many biological applications including protein identification and quantification, protein expression profiling of normal vs abnormal states, quantitative analysis of proteins for which no antibodies are available and identification and quantification of post translationally modified proteins.