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paneity
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Possible Crossword Clues |
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The state of being bread (!) |
Last Seen in these Crosswords & Puzzles |
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Jul 24 2009 Ink Well xwords |
Possible Dictionary Clues |
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The quality or state of being bread. |
Paneity might refer to |
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In the mathematical field of differential geometry, the Paneitz operator is a fourth-order differential operator defined on a Riemannian manifold of dimension n. It is named after Stephen Paneitz, who discovered it in 1983, and whose preprint was later published posthumously in Paneitz 2008. * In fact, the same operator was found earlier in the context of conformal supergravity by E. Fradkin and A. Tseytlin in 1982 * (Phys Lett B 110 (1982) 117 and Nucl Phys B 1982 (1982) 157 ). * It is given by the formula* * * * P * = * * Δ * * 2 * * * + * δ * * { * * ( * n * − * 2 * ) * J * − * 4 * V * ⋅ * * } * * d * + * ( * n * − * 4 * ) * Q * * * {\displaystyle P=\Delta ^{2}+\delta \left\{(n-2)J-4V\cdot \right\}d+(n-4)Q} * where Δ is the Laplace–Beltrami operator, d is the exterior derivative, δ is its formal adjoint, V is the Schouten tensor, J is the trace of the Schouten tensor, and the dot denotes tensor contraction on either index. Here Q is the scalar invariant * * * * * ( * − * 4 * * | * * V * * * | * * * 2 * * * + * n * * J * * 2 * * * + * 2 * Δ * J * ) * * / * * 4 * * * * {\displaystyle (-4|V|^{2}+nJ^{2}+2\Delta J)/4\,} * which in four dimensions yields the Q-curvature. * The operator is especially important in conformal geometry, because in a suitable sense it depends only on the conformal structure. Another operator of this kind is the conformal Laplacian. But, whereas the conformal Laplacian is second-order, with leading symbol a multiple of the Laplace–Beltrami operator, the Paneitz operator is fourth-order, with leading symbol the square of the Laplace–Beltrami operator. The Paneitz operator is conformally invariant in the sense that it sends conformal densities of weight 2 − n/2 to conformal densities of weight −2 − n/2. Concretely, using the canonical trivialization of the density bundles in the presence of a metric, the Paneitz operator P can be represented in terms of a representative the Riemannian metric g as an ordinary operator on functions that transforms according under a conformal change g ↦ Ω2g according to the rule * * * * * * Ω * * n * * / * * 2 * + * 2 * * * P * ( * g * ) * ϕ * = * P * ( * * Ω * * 2 * * * g * ) * ... |